These alcohols react with chlorosulfuric acid:Īlternatively, alcohols can be converted to the half sulfate esters using sulfur trioxide: SO 3 + ROH → ROSO 3H If derived using the oxo process, a low level of branching will appear usually with a methyl or ethyl group at the C-2 position, containing even and odd amounts of alkyl chains. If produced from oleochemical feedstock or the Ziegler process, the hydrocarbon chain of the alcohol will be linear. Īlkylsulfate can be produced from alcohols, which in turn are obtained by hydrogenation of animal or vegetable oils and fats or using the Ziegler process or through oxo synthesis. An example is sodium laureth sulfate, an ingredient in some cosmetics. Also common in consumer products are the sulfate esters of ethoxylated fatty alcohols such as those derived from lauryl alcohol.
In 2003 approximately 118,000 t/a of alkyl sulfates were used in the US Synthetic organosulfates Ī common example is sodium lauryl sulfate, with the formula CH 3(CH 2) 11OSO 3Na.
Generally they are found in consumer products at concentrations ranging from 3-20%. They can also be found in household products such as toothpaste, antacids, cosmetics and foods. Examples include: sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium salt) and related potassium and ammonium salts.Īlkyl sulfates are commonly used as an anionic surfactant in liquid soaps and detergents used to clean wool, as surface cleaners, and as active ingredients in laundry detergents, shampoos and conditioners. Alkyl sulfates consist of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, a polar sulfate group (containing an anion) and either a cation or amine to neutralize the sulfate group. Many sulfate esters are used in detergents, and some are useful reagents. All organosulfates are formally esters derived from alcohols and sulfuric acid ( H 2SO 4) although many are not prepared in this way. The SO 4 core is a sulfate group and the R group is any organic residue. In organosulfur chemistry, organosulfates are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the structure R−O−SO − 3.
Generic structure of an organosulfate, where R is an organyl group
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